Welding mfundo ya Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW)

SMAW, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti electrode arc welding, ndi njira yophatikizira yowotcherera yomwe arc imapangidwa ndi electrode ndipo mbali zowotcherera zimasungunuka ndi kutentha kwa arc.Ndi njira yowotcherera yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri komanso yodziwika bwino pakadali pano.

Arc ndi chodabwitsa cha air conduction.The kuwotcherera arc ndi wamphamvu ndi kulimbikira kutulutsa chodabwitsa kwaiye mu sing'anga mpweya pakati elekitirodi ndi workpiece.Pa ndondomeko kuwotcherera, elekitirodi ndi kuwotcherera ndi ankalemekeza olumikizidwa kwa maelekitirodi awiri a gwero kuwotcherera mphamvu.Pamene kuwotcherera pachimake cha ma elekitirodi kukhudzana pamwamba pa kuwotcherera, dera anayatsa, ndi lalikulu yochepa dera panopa kwaiye nthawi yomweyo.Popeza pali kukana kwina pa kukhudzana, malinga ndi Q = I2Rt, kutentha kwakukulu kumapangidwa kumeneko, ndipo kutentha kumatentha mofulumira ndikusungunula kukhudzana.Pamene elekitirodi kukwezedwa ndi 2 ~ 4mm, sing'anga mpweya pakati elekitirodi ndi weldment ndi ionized, kupanga ma elekitironi conductive ndi ayoni zabwino.Pansi pa ntchito ya magetsi, ma electron amasunthira ku anode, ndipo ma ions abwino amapita ku cathode.Amawombana ndikuphatikizana mosalekeza, kutembenuza mphamvu ya kinetic kukhala mphamvu ya kutentha, potero imatulutsa kuwala kwamphamvu ndi kutentha kwakukulu, ndikupanga arc pakati pa mapeto a electrode ndi weldment.

Arc imasungunula malekezero a electrode ndi kuwotcherera kofananira nthawi yomweyo.Chitsulo cha weld chimasungunuka kupanga dziwe losungunuka, ndipo chitsulo cha electrode chimasungunuka kupanga dontho.Madontho osungunuka amalowa mu dziwe losungunuka pansi pa mphamvu yokoka ndi mphamvu yowomba ya arc, amaphatikizana ndi chitsulo chowotcherera, ndi kupanga weld pambuyo polimba.Pa kuwotcherera ndondomeko, ❖ kuyanika amasungunuka kupanga slag ndi kuchuluka kwa mpweya kwaiye, amene amateteza ndi metallurgically kuchitira chitsulo chosungunuka dziwe.

Arc yowotcherera imakhala ndi magawo atatu: dera la cathode, dera la anode ndi dera la arc column.Dera la cathode limatulutsa ma elekitironi, ndipo kutentha kumakhala kochepa, pafupifupi 2400K;dera la anode limalandira ma elekitironi, ndipo kutentha kumakhala kwakukulu, pafupifupi 2600K;kutentha kwapakati kwa dera la arc ndipamwamba kwambiri, pafupifupi 6000 ~ 8000K.

Mukamagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yowotcherera ya DC arc (monga arc welding rectifier) ​​pakuwotcherera, pali njira ziwiri zolumikizira: kulumikizana kwabwino ndi kulumikizidwa kumbuyo.Kulumikizana kwabwino ndi njira yolumikizira yomwe ma elekitirodi amalumikizidwa ndi electrode yoyipa ndipo chogwirira ntchito chimalumikizidwa ndi ma elekitirodi abwino.Popeza ma elekitirodi abwino amavomereza ma elekitironi ndikupanga kutentha kochulukirapo, kuwotcherera ndikosavuta kulowa, motero njira yolumikizira iyi imagwiritsidwa ntchito powotcherera zida zokulirapo.Kulumikizana kwa reverse ndi njira yolumikizira yomwe ma elekitirodi amalumikizidwa ndi ma elekitirodi abwino ndipo chogwirira ntchito chimalumikizidwa ndi electrode yoyipa.Popeza kutentha kwaiye ma elekitironi limatulutsa ndi elekitirodi negative ndi zochepa, kuwotcherera si kophweka kuwotcha kudzera, kotero kugwirizana njira nthawi zambiri ntchito kuwotcherera workpieces woonda.

Kutentha kopangidwa ndi chitsulo chowotcherera kumayenderana ndi mphamvu yamagetsi ya arc ndi mphamvu yowotcherera (ie, Q = IUt).Kawirikawiri, voteji pakati pa weldment ndi elekitirodi pamene arc stably kuwotchedwa amatchedwa arc voteji, ndi arc voteji nthawi zambiri mu osiyanasiyana 20 ~ 35V.Chifukwa magetsi a arc amasintha pang'ono, kutentha kwa arc kumasinthidwa makamaka posintha momwe kuwotcherera komwe kumapangidwira.

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