Kodi kuwotcherera arc ndi chiyani?

Electrode arc kuwotcherera ndi njira yowotcherera yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga mafakitale.Chitsulo chowotcherera ndi mtengo umodzi, ndipo electrode ndi mtengo wina.Pamene mitengo iwiriyo ili pafupi wina ndi mzake, arc imapangidwa.Kutentha kopangidwa ndi kutulutsa kwa arc (komwe kumadziwika kuti kuyaka kwa arc) kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kulumikiza ma elekitirodi ndi ma workpieces kusungunula wina ndi mnzake ndikupanga weld pambuyo pokhazikika, kuti apeze njira yowotcherera ndi cholumikizira champhamvu.

Chithunzi 1. Mbiri ya kuwotcherera

Mbiri yachidule

Pambuyo poyesa kuwotcherera kambiri koyambirira kwa zaka za m'ma 1800, Mngelezi wina dzina lake Willard adapeza koyamba chilolezo chowotcherera arc mu 1865. Anagwiritsa ntchito magetsi kuti adutse tizidutswa tating'ono tachitsulo tiwiri kuti azisakaniza bwino, ndipo pafupifupi zaka makumi awiri pambuyo pake, munthu waku Russia. dzina lake Bernard adalandira chilolezo chowotcherera arc.Anasunga arc pakati pa carbon pole ndi workpieces.Pamene arc inkagwiritsidwa ntchito pamanja kudzera m'malo olumikizirana, zida zomangirira zidalumikizidwa pamodzi.M'zaka za m'ma 1890, chitsulo cholimba chinapangidwa ngati electrode, yomwe inkagwiritsidwa ntchito mu dziwe losungunuka ndikukhala gawo la chitsulo chowotcherera.Komabe, mpweya ndi nayitrogeni mumlengalenga zimapanga ma oxides owopsa ndi nitrides muzitsulo zowotcherera., Choncho kumabweretsa osauka kuwotcherera khalidwe.

Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1900, kufunika koteteza arc kupeŵa kulowetsedwa kwa mpweya kwakhala kukuchitika, ndipo kugwiritsa ntchito kutentha kwa arc kuti awononge zokutira mu electrode ya chishango cha gasi chotetezera chinakhala njira yabwino kwambiri.Chapakati pa zaka za m'ma 1920, electrode yokutidwa ndi zitsulo zinapangidwa, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti zitsulo zowotcherera zikhale zabwino kwambiri.Panthawi imodzimodziyo, kungakhalenso kusintha kofunikira kwambiri kwa kuwotcherera kwa arc.Zida zazikulu pakuwotcherera zikuphatikiza makina owotcherera amagetsi, zomangira zowotcherera ndi chigoba chakumaso.

 Chithunzi 2. Mfundo yowotcherera

Mfundo yofunika

The kuwotcherera arc imayendetsedwa ndi gwero la mphamvu yowotcherera.Pansi pa voteji inayake, chodabwitsa champhamvu komanso chokhalitsa chimachitika pakati pa elekitirodi (ndi kumapeto kwa waya wowotcherera kapena ndodo yowotcherera) ndi chogwirira ntchito.Chofunika kwambiri cha kuwotcherera arc ndi mpweya conduction, ndiko kuti, ndale mpweya mu danga kumene arc ili ndi decomposed mu positive charged positive ions and negative charged ma elekitironi pansi pa zochita za voteji inayake, amatchedwa ionization.Zidutswa ziwiri zomangikazi zimalunjikitsidwa kumitengo iwiri.Directional movement imapangitsa kuti gasi wakumaloko aziyendetsa magetsi kuti apange arc.Arc yamagetsi imasintha mphamvu yamagetsi kukhala kutentha, komwe kumatenthetsa ndikusungunula chitsulocho kuti chikhale cholumikizira cholumikizira.

Pambuyo poyambitsa arc "kuwotcha", njira yotulutsira yokha imatha kupanga tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timafunikira kuti tipitirize kutulutsa, zomwe ndizochitika zokhazokha zokhazokha.Ndipo njira yotulutsa arc imakhala ndi magetsi otsika, apamwamba kwambiri, kutentha kwambiri komanso luminescence yamphamvu.Ndi njirayi, mphamvu yamagetsi imasandulika kutentha, makina ndi kuwala.Kuwotcherera makamaka kumagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zake zotentha komanso zamakina kuti akwaniritse cholinga cholumikizira zitsulo.

Panthawi yowotcherera, arc imayaka pakati pa ndodo yowotcherera ndi zida zowotcherera, kusungunula zida zogwirira ntchito ndi pachimake cha electrode kupanga dziwe losungunuka.Pa nthawi yomweyo, ❖ kuyanika ma elekitirodi amasungunukanso, ndipo zochita mankhwala zimachitika kupanga slag ndi mpweya, amene amateteza malekezero a elekitirodi, m'malovu, kusungunuka dziwe ndi mkulu-kutentha kuwotcherera zitsulo.

Gulu lalikulu

Njira zowotcherera za arc zodziwika bwino zimaphatikizapo Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW), Submerged Arc Welding (SAW), Gas Tungsten Arc Weld (GTAW kapena TIG welding), Plasma Arc Welding (PAW) ndi Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW, MIG kapena MAG kuwotcherera) ndi zina zotero.

Chithunzi 3. E7018 welding electrode

Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW)

Kuwotcherera zitsulo zotetezedwa kumagwiritsa ntchito electrode ndi chogwirira ntchito ngati maelekitirodi awiri, ndipo kutentha ndi kuwomba kwa arc kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kusungunula chogwirira ntchito panthawi yowotcherera.Panthawi imodzimodziyo, pansi pa kutentha kwa arc, mapeto a electrode amasungunuka kuti apange dontho, ndipo workpiece imasungunuka pang'ono kuti ipange dzenje lozungulira lodzaza ndi zitsulo zamadzimadzi.Chitsulo chamadzi chosungunuka ndi dontho la chogwirira ntchito chimapanga dziwe losungunuka.Pa kuwotcherera ndondomeko, ❖ kuyanika ndi osakhala zitsulo ndi inclusions kusungunula wina ndi mzake ndi kupanga sanali zitsulo zinthu kuphimba pamwamba pa weld kudzera kusintha mankhwala amatchedwa slag.Pamene arc imayenda, dziwe losungunukalo limazizira ndi kulimba kupanga weld.Tili ndi ma elekitirodi osiyanasiyana owotcherera a SMAW, mitundu yotchuka kwambiri ndiE6010, E6011, E6013, E7016, E7018,ndi kwachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri, chitsulo chachitsulo, zowonekera molimbandi zina.

 Chithunzi 4. Kuwotcherera kwa arc pansi pamadzi

Kuwotcherera kwa Arc (SAW)

Kuwotcherera kwa arc pansi pamadzi ndi njira yomwe arc imawotchera pansi pa wosanjikiza wowotcherera.Elekitilodi yachitsulo yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito powotcherera arc pansi pamadzi ndi waya wopanda kanthu womwe umangolowetsedwamo popanda kusokonezedwa.Nthawi zambiri, trolley yowotcherera kapena zida zina zamakina ndi zamagetsi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuzindikira kusuntha kwa arc panthawi yowotcherera.Chipilala cha kuwotcherera arc pansi pamadzi chimayaka pansi pa granular flux.Kutentha kwa arc kumasungunula ndikutulutsa magawo omwe amachitidwa mwachindunji ndi arc ya workpiece, mapeto a waya wowotcherera ndi kutuluka, ndi nthunzi yachitsulo ndi kusungunuka kumatuluka nthunzi kupanga chitsekerero chotsekedwa kuzungulira arc.Kuwotcha mu mphako iyi.Pakhomo lazunguliridwa ndi filimu ya slag yopangidwa ndi slag yopangidwa ndi kusungunuka kwa flux.Filimu ya slag iyi sikuti imalekanitsa bwino mpweya kuti usagwirizane ndi arc ndi dziwe losungunuka, komanso imalepheretsa kuti arc isatuluke.Waya wowotcherera wotenthedwa ndi kusungunuka ndi arc amagwera ngati madontho ndikusakanikirana ndi chitsulo chosungunula kuti apange dziwe losungunuka.Silagi yocheperako imayandama padziwe losungunuka.Kuphatikiza pa kudzipatula kumakina ndi chitetezo cha chitsulo chosungunula cha dziwe, slag yosungunuka imakumananso ndi chitsulo chosungunula ndi chitsulo chosungunula cha dziwe panthawi yowotcherera, potero imakhudza kapangidwe kake ka chitsulo chowotcherera.Chipilalacho chimapita patsogolo, ndipo chitsulo chosungunulacho chimazizira pang’onopang’ono n’kunyezimira n’kupanga weld.Pambuyo poyandama kumtunda kwa dziwe losungunula kuzizira, kutumphuka kwa slag kumapangidwa kuti kupitirize kuteteza weld pa kutentha kwakukulu ndikuletsa kuti zisawonongeke.Timapereka kusintha kwa SAW,Chithunzi cha SJ101,SJ301,Chithunzi cha SJ302

Chithunzi 5. Gasi Tungsten Arc Weld-TIG

Gas Tunigsten Arc Weld/Tungsten Inert Gas Welding (GTAW kapena TIG)

Kuwotcherera kwa TIG kumatanthauza njira yowotcherera ya arc yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito tungsten kapena tungsten alloy (thorium tungsten, cerium tungsten, etc.) monga electrode ndi argon ngati mpweya wotchinga, wotchedwa TIG kuwotcherera kapena GTAW.Panthawi yowotcherera, zitsulo zodzaza zimatha kuwonjezeredwa kapena kusawonjezedwa molingana ndi mawonekedwe a groove wa weld komanso momwe chitsulo chowotcherera chimagwirira ntchito.Chitsulo chodzaza nthawi zambiri chimawonjezeredwa kuchokera kutsogolo kwa arc.Chifukwa cha mawonekedwe a aluminium-magnesium ndi zida zake za aloyi, kuwotcherera kwa AC tungsten arc kumafunika pakuwotcherera, ndipo kuwotcherera kwa DC tungsten arc kumagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zina zachitsulo.Pofuna kuwongolera kutentha, kuwotcherera kwa pulsed argon tungsten arc kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri.Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi mawaya a TIGAWS ER70S-6, ER80S-G,Mtengo wa ER4043,Mtengo wa ER5356,Mtengo wa HS221ndi etc.

 Chithunzi 5. Plasma Arc Welding

Plasma Arc Welding (PAW)

Plasma arc ndi mtundu wapadera wa arc.Arc imakhalanso tungsten kapena tungsten alloy (thorium tungsten, cerium tungsten, etc.) monga arc electrode, pogwiritsa ntchito argon monga mpweya wotetezera, koma tungsten electrode situluka kunja kwa mphuno, koma imatuluka Mkati mwa nozzle, mphuno. ndi madzi ozizira, omwe amadziwikanso kuti mphuno yamadzi ozizira.Mpweya wa inert umagawidwa m'magawo awiri, gawo limodzi ndi mpweya wotulutsidwa pakati pa tungsten electrode ndi nozzle woziziritsidwa ndi madzi, wotchedwa ion gasi;mbali ina ndi mpweya wotulutsidwa pakati pa mphuno yamadzi-utakhazikika ndi hood yotetezera gasi, yotchedwa Shielding gas, pogwiritsa ntchito plasma arc ngati gwero la kutentha kwa kuwotcherera, kudula, kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa, pamwamba, ndi zina zotero.

 Chithunzi 5 Kuwotchera kwa Gasi wa Metal-inert

Metal Inert Gas Welding (MIG)

Kuwotcherera kwa MIG kumatanthauza kuti waya wowotcherera umalowa m'malo mwa elekitirodi ya tungsten.Waya wowotcherera palokha ndi imodzi mwamitengo ya arc, yomwe imagwira ntchito yoyendetsa magetsi ndi arcing, komanso nthawi yomweyo ngati zinthu zodzaza, zomwe zimasungunuka mosalekeza ndikudzazidwa mu weld pansi pa zochita za arc.Mpweya woteteza womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito mozungulira arc ukhoza kukhala mpweya wa inert Ar, gasi wogwira ntchito CO₂, kapena Ar+CO₂gasi wosakanikirana.kuwotcherera kwa MIG komwe kumagwiritsa ntchito Ar monga mpweya wotchingira kumatchedwa kuwotcherera kwa MIG;Kuwotcherera kwa MIG komwe kumagwiritsa ntchito CO₂monga shielding gas amatchedwa CO₂kuwotcherera.Odziwika kwambiri a MIG ndiAWS ER70S-6, ER80S-G.

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